![]() A great deal of uncertainty and a number of open questions relating to the roles of diffusion, convection and clearance within the brain parenchyma remain.Įxchange between CSF and ISF is hypothesized to occur along small fluid-filled spaces surrounding large penetrating arteries in the brain parenchyma known as paravascular spaces (PVS) . ![]() A number of new theories have emerged including the glymphatic system , the intramural periarterial drainage (IPAD) theory , and the Bulat–Klarica–Oreskovic hypothesis, along with critical evaluations . Over the last decade, there has been a significant renewed interest in the waterscape of the brain that is, the physiological mechanisms governing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF) flow in (and around) the brain parenchyma.
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